A beard is a collection of hairs that grow on the chin and human cheeks and some non-human animals. In humans, it is usually only pubes or adult men who can grow a beard. From an evolutionary point of view, beards are part of a broader androgenic hair category. It is a relic of the time when humans have hair on their faces and whole body like hair on a gorilla. Evolutionary hair loss is pronounced in some populations such as Native Americans and some East Asian populations, who have fewer facial hairs, whereas people of European or South Asian descent and Ainu have more facial hair.
The attitude of the public to the male beard varies greatly depending on factors such as the prevailing cultural-religious tradition and current fashion trends. Some religions (such as Sikhism) have regarded the full beard important to all men who can grow it, and mandated it as part of their official dogma. Other cultures, though not officially mandating them, view the beard as the center of man's manhood, modeling goodness such as wisdom, strength, sexual prowess and high social status. However, in cultures where facial hair is rare (or currently out of fashion), beards may be associated with poor hygiene or "barbarous", uncivilized, or even harmful behavior.
Video Beard
Biology
The beard develops during puberty. The growth of the beard is related to the stimulation of hair follicles in the area by dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which continues to affect the growth of the beard after puberty. Various hormones stimulate hair follicles from different areas. DHT, for example, can also promote short-term pogonotrophy (ie facial hair growth). For example, a scientist who chooses to remain anonymous spends several weeks on a remote island in comparative isolation. He noticed that the growth of his beard was reduced, but the day before he left the island increased again, achieving an unusually high growth rate during the first or second day on the mainland. He studied the effects and concluded that the stimulus for an increase in beard growth was related to the return of sexual activity. However, at that time professional pogonologists, such as R.M. Hardisty, brushed off the connection. Although the DHT relationship with the terminal body and facial hair growth, the dominant hormone in facial hair development is probably the male sex hormone testosterone, with DHT more closely related to the growth rate of the beard than the density (or "coverage"); In addition, the hormone does not act on its own, depending on the quantity of the androgen receptor on the face. Subjects with larger receptors will develop more adult facial hair terminals.
The growth rate of the beard is also genetic. The individual genes determine the anagenic phase of hair in different parts of the body. Anagen phase is the amount of time a hair follicle will grow before hair loses and is replaced by new hair. This in turn determines the length of hair on that part of the body. The thick bearded hairs will have a relatively long anagenic phase. Hair some men have a shorter anagen phase and consequently have a shorter beard. Facial hair most women and children have a very short anagenic phase. The gene also determines whether the hair is a thick terminal hair like feather or velvety smooth hair like that on the face of a child or girl.
Evolution
Biologists characterize beards as secondary sexual characteristics because they are unique for one sex, but do not play a direct role in reproduction. Charles Darwin first suggested a possible evolutionary explanation of the beard in his work The Descent of Man, hypothesized that the process of sexual selection may have caused the beard. Modern biologists have reaffirmed the role of sexual selection in the evolution of beards, concluding that there is evidence that the majority of women find bearded men more attractive than men without beards.
The explanation of evolutionary psychology for the presence of a beard includes signifying sexual maturity and marking dominance by increasing the size of the perceived jaw, and a clean shaven face is considered less dominant than bearded. Some scholars assert that it has not been established whether the sexual selection that leads to the beard is rooted in attraction (inter-sexual selection) or domination (intra-sexual selection). The beard can be described as an indicator of the overall condition of men. The level of facial hairiness seems to affect the attractiveness of men. The presence of a beard makes men vulnerable to fights, which are expensive, so biologists have speculated that there must be other greater evolutionary benefits than that weakness. Excess testosterone proved by beards may indicate mild immunosuppression, which may support spermatogenesis.
Maps Beard
History
The ancient and classical world
Lebanon
The ancient Semitic civilization located in the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent and centered on the modern Lebanese coastline paid great attention to hair and beard. His beard mostly has a strong resemblance to that which is influenced by the Assyrians, who are familiar from their carvings. It is arranged in three, four, or five rows of tight little curls, and extends from ear to ear around the cheeks and chin. Sometimes, however, in lieu of many lines, there is one line only, beard falling in the hair, which is curved on the extremities. There is no indication of Phoenicians having the cultivation of mustachios.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamian men from Semit (Akkadians, Asians, Babylonia, and Chaldean) are very concerned about oiling and dressing their beards, using clasps and curling tools to make complex curls and tiered patterns. Unlike them, non-Semitic Sumerian men tend to shave their facial hair (which is especially important, for example, in many Gudea statues, the ruler of Lagash, as opposed to the depiction of the almost contemporary Semitic ruler of Akkad, Naram-Sin, above his victory inscription ).
Egypt
Ancient Egyptians with high ranks grow hair in their chickens that are often dyed or decorated (reddish brown) and occasionally braided with intertwined gold threads. False beard of metal, or postiche, which is a sign of sovereignty, is worn by the king and (sometimes) a ruling queen. It was held in place by the ribbon tied over the head and attached to the golden chin rope, the mode was available from around 3000 to 1580 BC.
India
In Ancient India, the beard is allowed to grow in length, a symbol of dignity and wisdom, especially by ascetic (sadhu). The east nations generally treat their beards with great care and respect, and the punishment of dishonesty and adultery is to make the beard of the guilty parties cut off publicly.
China
Confucius argues that the human body is a gift from parents who have no changes to be made. In addition to abstinence from body modifications such as tattoos, Confucius is also discouraged from cutting hair, nails or their beards. The extent to which people can actually meet this standard depends on their profession; farmers or soldiers will probably not grow long beards because it will interfere with their work.
Most of the clay soldiers in the Terracotta Army have whiskers or beards.
Iran
Iranians love long beards, and almost all Iranian kings have beards. In Adam Olearius's journey, a king orders his butler to be cut off and then declares, "It is a shame that a man possessing a good mustachios should be executed." Men in the Achaemenid era wore long beards, with warriors adorning them with jewelry. Men also generally wear beards during the Safavid and Qajar periods.
Greek
The ancient Greeks regarded beards as symbols or signs of masculinity; in the Homer epic, it is almost sanctified significance, and the general form of the petition is to touch the beard of the intended person. It was shaved merely as a sign of mourning; it is then often left without preparation. A smooth face is considered a sign of hypocrisy. The Spartans punish the cowards by shaving some of their beards. From the beginning, however, shaving the upper lip is common. Greek beard is also often curled up with tongs.
Greek Macedonia
In the time of Alexander the Great, the custom of fine shaving was introduced. Alexander strongly advocated shaving during his reign in the 4th century BC because he believed it looked more presentable. Reportedly, Alexander ordered his soldiers to be clean shaven, fearing that their beards would serve as a grip for their enemies to reach and hold the soldiers when he was killed. The practice of shaving spread from the Macedonians, whose kings were represented with coins, etc. With delicate faces, throughout the known Macedonian World of the empire. Law is violated against it, without effect, in Rhodes and Byzantium; and even Aristotle conformed to new habits, unlike other philosophers, who retained their beards as a symbol of their profession. A bearded man after the Macedonian period implies a philosopher, and there are many hints at the later philosophers' habits in expressions such as: "The beard does not form a philosopher."
Roma
Shaving seems unknown to the Romans during their early history (under the kings of Rome and the early Republic). Pliny tells us that P. Ticinius was the first to bring a barber to Rome, who in 454 of the founding of the city (ie about 299 BC). Scipio Africanus was apparently the first among the Romans to shave off his beard. However, after that point, shaving seems to have been very fast, and soon almost all Roman men were clean shaven; clean shaven to be a Roman and not a Greek. Only in later times of the Republic, the young Romans began shaving their beards in part, pruning them into ornamental shapes; preteen teenagers anoint their chin in the hope of encouraging premature growth of the beard.
However, the beard remained rare among the Romans throughout the Final Republic and the early Principal. In general, in Rome today, a long beard is considered a sign of carelessness and squalor. Sensors L. Veturius and P. Licinius forced M. Livius, who had been exiled, on a restoration to the city, to be shaved, and put aside her dirty appearance, and then, but not later, to come to the Senate. The first event of shave is considered the beginning of maturity, and the day in which this happens is celebrated as a festival. Usually, this is done when the young Roman assumes toga virilis . Augustus did so in the twenty-fourth year, Julius Caesar in the twentieth century. Hair that was cut at such times was consecrated to the gods. So Nero puts it in a gold box with pearls, and dedicates it to Jupiter Capitolinus. The Romans, unlike the Greeks, let their beards grow in mourning; so did Augustus for the death of Julius Caesar. Other mourning opportunities in which the beards are allowed to grow are, appearances as reus, censure, or public disaster. On the other hand, people from the territory of the country around Rome at the time of the Varro do not seem to shave except when they come to the market every eighth day, so their usual appearance is most likely a short beard.
In the 2nd century AD, Emperor Hadrian, according to Dion Cassius, was the first of all Caesars to grow beards; Plutarch says that he did it to hide the scars on his face. This was the period in Rome from the widespread imitation of Greek culture, and many other men grew beards by imitating the Hadrian and Greek styles. Until the time of the great Emperor Constantine appeared in statues and coins with beards; but Constantine and his successors until the reign of Phocas, with the exception of Julian the Apostate, were represented as without beards.
Celtic and Germanic tribes
The last Hellenistic Statue of Celtic describes them with long hair and a mustache but without a beard.
Among Scottish and Irish Celtic Gaelic, men usually let their facial hair grow into full beards, and it is often seen as dishonorable for a Gaelic man to have no facial hair.
Tacitus states that among the Catti, the German tribe (probably Chatten), a young man is not allowed to shave or cut his hair until he kills the enemy. The Lombardy got their name from their long beards (Longobards - Long Beards). When Otto the Great says something serious, he swears by his beard, covering his chest.
Medieval
In medieval Europe, beards showed the manhood and honor of a knight. For example, the Cast Cilia El Cid is depicted in The Lay of the Cid as "the person with the flowered beard". Holding other people's beards is a serious offense that should be straightened out in a duel.
Although most of the nobles and knights are bearded, the Catholic clergy generally have to be clean shaven. This is understood as their celibacy symbol. The adoption of different beards and personal care styles had great cultural and political significance in the Early Middle Ages.
In pre-Islamic Arabia, men seem to keep a mustache but shave their hair on their chins. Muhammad encouraged his followers to do otherwise, long chin hair but whipped mustache, to signify their break with the old religion. This beard style then spread along with Islam during Muslim expansion in the Middle Ages.
From Renaissance to today
Most of the Chinese emperors of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) appeared with beards or whiskers in portraits. The exceptions are the emperors Jianwen and Tianqi, perhaps because of their youth - both of whom died in their early 20s.
In the 15th century, most European men were shaved clean. The 16th century beard is allowed to grow with tremendous length (see portraits of John Knox, Bishop Gardiner, Cardinal Pole, and Thomas Cranmer). Some of the current beards are Spanish spade beard, English square-cut beard, bearded beard, and stiletto beard. In 1587, Francis Drake claimed, in an allegory, had burned the beard of the King of Spain.
During the Chinese Qing dynasty (1644-1911), the ruling Manchu minority either clean-shaven or most wearing a mustache, was different from the majority of Han who still wore beards according to the ideals of Confucianism.
At the beginning of the 17th century, the size of the beard declined among urban Western Europeans. In the second half of the century, clean-shaven gradually became more common, so much so that in 1698, Peter the Great of Russia ordered men to shave their beards, and in 1705 was taxed on the beard to bring the Russian Society more in line with contemporary Western Europe.
19th century
During the early nineteenth century, most men, especially among the nobles and upper classes, became clean shavers. However, there was a dramatic shift in the popularity of beards during the 1850s, with it becoming very popular. As a result, beards were adopted by many leaders, such as Alexander III of Russia, Napoleon III of France and Frederick III of Germany, as well as many prominent statesmen and cultural figures, such as Benjamin Disraeli, Charles Dickens, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Karl Marx, and Giuseppe Verdi. This trend can be recognized in the United States, where shifts can be seen among post-Civilian presidents. Before Abraham Lincoln, no President wore a beard; after Lincoln to Woodrow Wilson, every President except Andrew Johnson and William McKinley had a beard or mustache.
The beard became associated in this period with the notion of male masculinity and courage. The resulting popularity has contributed to the stereotypical figure of Victorian men in popular minds, the black-clad figures whose gravitas were added by thick beards.
20th century
At the beginning of the twentieth century, beards began to decline in popularity slowly. Although retained by some prominent figures who were young men in the Victorian period (like Sigmund Freud), most men who retained facial hair during the 1920s and 1930s confined themselves to whiskers or beards (as with Marcel Proust, Albert Einstein, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Adolf Hitler, and Joseph Stalin). However, in the 20th and 20th centuries saw beards making a comeback, especially in the hippie and biker subcultures of the 1960s and hipster movements of the 2010s.
In China, the 1911 revolution and the next May Fourth Movement of 1919 encouraged China to make the West more modern and progressive than themselves. This includes the fashion world, and the Chinese start shaving their faces and cutting their hair short. But the mustaches are still worn by prominent figures like Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-shek, and Lu Xun.
In the United States, meanwhile, popular films depict the heroes with clean-shaven faces and "crew cuts". At the same time, Madison Avenue's psychological mass marketing is prevalent, and razor-makers are safe to be amongst the market's earliest clients, including The Gillette Company and the American Safety Razor Company. The phrase the five o'clock shadow , as humbled the hammer, was created around 1942 in advertisements for Gem Blades, by the American Safety Razor Company, and entered into use popular. These events conspired to popularize short hair and clean-shaven faces as the only acceptable force for decades to come. Some men who wear beards or parts of beards during this period are often also parents, Central Europeans, members of a religious sect who need it, sailors, or in academia.
Jagoan in religion
Beards also play an important role in some religions.
In Greek mythology and art, Zeus and Poseidon are always depicted with beards, but Apollo never exists. A bearded Hermes replaced with a more acute bearded young man in the 5th century BC. Zoroaster, founder of the 11th/10th BC Zoroastrianism is almost always described with beards.
In Norse mythology, Thor the thunder god is depicted wearing a red beard.
Christianity
Iconography and art from the 4th century onwards almost always portray Jesus with a beard. In paintings and sculptures, most Old Testament Bible characters like Moses and Abraham and disciples of the New Testament of Jesus such as St Peter appear with beards, like John the Baptist. However, Western European art generally portrays John the Apostle as a clean shaven, to emphasize his relatives. Eight of the characters depicted in the painting entitled The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci bearded. The mainstream Christianity holds Isaiah Chapter 50: Verse 6 as the prophecy of Christ's crucifixion, and thus, as an illustration of Christ having his beard picked up by the tormentors.
In Eastern Christianity, priesthood and monastic members often wear beards, and religious authorities at that time have recommended or requested beards for all believing men.
The Amish and Hutterite men shave until they get married and then grow the beard and never thereafter, but it is a special form of the beard (see Marital status marriage marker). Many Syrian Christians from Kerala in India wear long beards.
In the 1160s Burchardus, the Cistercian abbot of Bellevaux at Franche-Comtà ©  ©, wrote a treatise on beards. He considers the beard worthy of the laity but not to the priests among the monks.
At various times in its history and depending on various circumstances, the Catholic Church in the West allows or forbids facial hair ( barbae nutritio - literally means "keep the beard") for the pastor. Early 6th century decisions either in Carthage or in southern Gaul forbade the clerics from allowing their hair and beards to grow freely. The phrase "keep the beard" is interpreted in different ways, either as imposing a clean shaven face or simply excluding a beard that is too long. In a relatively modern age, the first pope to wear a beard was Pope Julius II, who in 1511-1512, did so as a sign of mourning for the loss of the city of Bologna. Pope Clement VII let his beard grow at the sack of Rome (1527) and store it. All his successors did so until the death of 1700 from Pope Innocent XII. Since then, no whales have been wearing beards. Most of the Latin rite clerics are now clean-shaven, but the Capuchins and some others are bearded. The canon law is currently silent on this issue.
Although most Protestant Christians regard beard as an option, some have taken leadership in fashion by openly encouraging its growth as "the most natural, biblical, male, and beneficial habit" (C. H. Spurgeon). Some of the Jewish Messianic also wear beards to show their obedience to the Old Testament.
Diarmaid MacCulloch writes: "There is no doubt that Cranmer mourned the dead king (Henry VIII)", and it is said that he shows his sorrow by growing a beard. However,
"It is the past pause for a minister to abandon his shaven clean appearance which is the norm for the late medieval priesthood, with Luther providing precedents [during his exile], almost all continental reformers have deliberately cultivated beards as a sign of their rejection of the old church , and the importance of the ulema's beard as an aggressive anti-Catholic movement well recognized in the mid-Tudor England. "
The male members of the Lord's Church in Christ, the Mennonite in Moundridge, Kansas, refrain from shaving because they see humans created in the image of God, and as God has a beard. They see their church as the One True Church. One of their tracts emphasized the need for beard.
LDS Church
Since the mid-twentieth century, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has encouraged men to be clean-shaven, especially those serving in ecclesiastical leadership positions. The church's push to shave men has no theological basis, but is rooted in the diminished popularity of facial hair in general in Western societies during the 20th century and its relationship to aspects of hippie culture and counterattack in the 1960s, and not yet a permanent government.
After Joseph Smith, many of the early presidents of the LDS Church, such as Brigham Young and Lorenzo Snow, wore beards. Since David O. McKay became president of the church in 1951, most of the leaders of the LDS Church have been clean-shaven. The Church has no formal policy on facial hair for general membership. However, the formal ban on facial hair is currently applied to young men who provide missionary services for two years. Students and staff of a church-sponsored higher education institution, such as Brigham Young University (BYU), must comply with the Code of Education of the Church Educational System, which states in part: "Men are expected to be clean shaven, beard is unacceptable", even though male students BYU is allowed to wear a neatly tidy mustache. The bearded exceptions are granted for "serious skin conditions", and for approved theater performances, but until 2015 no exceptions are granted for other reasons, including religious beliefs. In January 2015, BYU clarified that students who wanted beards for religious reasons, such as Muslims or Sikhs, could be given permission after making an exception.
BYU students lead the campaign to loosen the beard restriction in 2014, but it has the opposite effect on the Church Educational System schools: some of which have previously been granted beard exemptions are no longer eligible, and for short periods, LDS Business College required students with a registered exception to wear "beard", which is likened to "shame badge". Some students also join embarrassing fellow students who wear beards, even those with registered exceptions.
Hinduism
The ancient manuscripts that followed about beards depended on the Devas and other doctrines, vary according to whoever worshiped or followed the worshipers. Many Sadhus, Yogis, or Sannyasi keep beards, and represent all life situations. The Shaivite ascetics generally have beards, because they are not allowed to have anything, which will include a razor. The beard is also a sign of nomadic and ascetic lifestyle.
Vaishnava worshipers, usually of the ISKCON sect, are often shaved clean as a sign of cleanliness.
Judaism
The Bible states in Leviticus 19:27, "You will not round the top of your head, or damage the tip of your beard." The Talmud tradition explains that a man may not shave his beard with a razor with a single knife, because of the act of cutting a knife against the "mars" skin of a beard. Since the scissors have two blades, some opinions in halakha (Jewish law) permit its use to trim the beard, since the act of cutting comes from the contact of two propellers, and not the blades against the skin. For this reason, some post-Jewish lawyers decided that Orthodox Jews could use electric razors to keep it clean, such as shavers cut by trapping hair between knives and metal grilles, halachically acts like scissors. Other posters, such as Zokon Yisrael KiHilchso, maintain that electric shavers are razor-like measures, and consequently prohibit their use.
The Zohar, one of the chief sources of Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism), attributes holiness to beards, establishes that the beard hair represents the channel of holy unconscious energy flowing from above to the human soul. Therefore, most Hasid Jews, for whom Kabbalah play an important role in their religious practice, have traditionally not erased or even trimmed their beards.
Traditional Jews refrain from shaving, cutting off beards, and haircuts for certain times of the year, such as Easter, Sukkot, Omer Counting, and Three Weeks. Cutting hair is also limited during the mourning period 30 days after the death of a close relative, known in Hebrew as Shloshim (thirty).
Islam
Shiite
According to Shiite scholars, according to Sunnah, the length of the beard should not exceed the fist width. Facial hair trimming is allowed, however, shaving is illegal (forbidden by religion).
Sunni
Leaving the beard ( lihyah in Arabic) to grow and trim the mustache is compulsory according to the Sunnah in Islam by the consensus
Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 72, Hadith 781 Narrated Abdullah ibn Umar said, "The Messenger of Allah said," Cut his mustache short, and leave his beard (as is). '"
Ibn Hazm reported that there is a scientific consensus that it is the duty to trim the mustache and let the beard grow. He quotes a number of hadiths as evidence, including the hadith of Ibn Umar quoted above, and the hadith of Zayd ibn Arqam where Muhammad said: "Whoever does not remove his mustache is not one of us". Ibn Hazm said in al-Furoo ': "This is the way of our colleagues [ie, clerical groups]". Conversely, in Turkish culture, ordinary mustache.
The extent of the beard is from the cheekbone, parallel to the ear canal, to the bottom of the face. These include hair that grows on the cheeks. Hair on the neck is not considered part of the beard and can be removed.
Despite all this, many religious Muslim men today, including some scholars, shaved their cheeks or even shaved clean. Shaving is widely accepted de facto if not de jure, with the exception of the Salafi movement.
In Bukhari and Muslim, Muhammad says, "Five things are part of nature: to be circumcised, to remove the hair beneath the navel, trim the whiskers and nails, and throw the hair under the armpits."
Rastafari Movement
The Rastafarian men put on their beards in accordance with the commands given in the Bible, such as Leviticus 21: 5: "They shall not bald at their heads, nor shave off the edge of their beard, or make cuts in their flesh." The beard is a symbol of the covenant between God (Yah or Jehovah in the use of Rastafari) and His people.
Sikhism
Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh teacher, ordered the Sikhs to care for hairless hair, admitting it to be the necessary jewelry of the body by the Almighty God and mandatory Faith. Sikhs consider the beard to be part of their nobility and dignity. The Sikhs also refrain from cutting their hair and beard to respect the form of God's gift. Kesh, cut hair, is one of Lima Ks, five mandatory articles of faith for a baptized Sikh. Thus, a Sikh man can easily be identified with a turban and his hair and beardless cut.
Modern beard ban
Civil ban
Beards may be prohibited in jobs requiring the use of respiratory masks, including aircraft pilots, firefighters, and the oil and gas industry.
Isesaki Japan municipality, Gunma decided to ban beards for male employees on May 19, 2010.
The US Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit has found that entrepreneurs may not require a clean shave for no good reason, as this has a discriminatory effect on large numbers of blacks susceptible to razor blades.
Sports
The International Boxing Association forbids the wearing of beards by amateur boxers. The British Amateur Boxing Association allows exceptions to Sikhs, provided that the beard is covered with a good net. In 2009, after a Muslim boxer stopped competing for his beard, ABAE banned the beard for all competitors so that all faiths would be treated fairly, but by 2018 they allowed beards for all. The previously stated reason is that the beard hair can go into the opponent's open wounds, or make it more difficult to treat wounds on a bearded competitor.
Armed forces
Depending on the country and period, facial hair is prohibited in the army or an integral part of the uniform. For example, the French Foreign Legion combat engineers all have to be bearded.
Styles
The beard hair is most often removed by shaving or by trimming with a beard trimmer. If hair is left only on the chin, his style is a beard.
- Chinstrap: a beard with long sideburns that go forward and ends under the chin.
- The chin curtain: similar to a chinstrap beard but covered all over the chin.
- Shenandoah: similar to chinstrap. All Amish men were asked to cultivate this style beard after marriage.
- Straw designers: The short growth of the popular beard in the West in the 1980s, and experienced a revival of popularity in 2010.
- Goatee: A hair grows on the chin, sometimes resembling a billy goat.
- Hulihee: A clean laundry chin with chunks of fat linked to a mustache.
- Sideburns: Hair grows from the temple down the cheek toward the jaw.
- Van Dyke: a beard with a mustache.
- The veil of the soul: a small bundle of hair that grows just below the lower lip and above the chin.
In art
A hero is sometimes the subject of art and competition. The Beard and Mustache World Championships occur every other year; contestants are evaluated by creativity and uniqueness among other criteria. The longest beard anyone has ever owned is 17 feet long and belongs to Hans Langseth (the longest beard of a living person is 8 feet).
See also
- Barbatus (disambiguation), common Latin name, meaning "bearded"
- Joseph Palmer (communard) defended himself from being forcibly shaved in 1830
- The Beards (Australian band)
- World Mustache and Mustache Championships
- Mustache
Note
References
- This article incorporates text from publications now in the public domain: Ã, Peck, Harry Thurston, ed. (1898). "Barba". Harpers Dictionary of Classic Antiquities . New York: Harper & amp; Brothers.
Further reading
- Reginald Reynolds: Swagger: Social Ownership, Religious Engagement, Decorative Possibilities, and Values ​​in Violations and Defenses Through the Ages (Doubleday, 1949) (ISBNÃ, 0-15-610845-3 )
- Helen Bunkin, Randall Williams: Beards, Beards, Beards (Hunter & Cyr, 2000) (ISBNÃ, 1-58838-001-7)
- Allan Peterkin: A thousand Beards. Cultural History Facial Hair (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2001) (ISBNÃ, 1-55152-107-5)
- Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs , David W. Bercot, Editor, pg 66-67.
- Thomas S. Gowing: The Philosophy of Beards (J. Haddock, 1854) Ã,; reprinted in 2014 by the British Library, ISBN 9780712357661.
External links
- Shave in Wikibooks
- Ã, "Beard". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica . 3 (issue 11). 1911.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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