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Stingray is a group of sea rays, which is a cartilaginous fish associated with sharks. They are classified in the suborder of Myliobatoidei from Myliobatiformes order and consist of eight families: Hexatrygonidae (enamging stingray), Plesiobatidae (deepwater stingray), Urolophidae (stingarees), Urotrygonidae (round rays), Dasyatidae (whiptail) ), Potamotrygonidae (stingray), Gymnuridae (butterfly ray), and Myliobatidae (eagle rays).

Stingrays are common in tropical and subtropical marine waters around the world. Some species, such as Dasyatis thetidis , are found in temperate oceans, and others, such as Plesiobatis daviesi , are found in the deep sea. Stingrays, and a number of whiptail jellyfish (such as Niger rays), are confined to fresh water. Most myliobatoids are demersal (inhabiting the next lowest zone in the water column), but some, such as the pelagic stingray and eagle rays, are pelagic.

There are about 220 known stingray species organized into 10 families and 29 genera. Stingray species are increasingly becoming threatened or vulnerable to extinction, especially as a consequence of unregulated fishing. By 2013, 45 species have been listed as vulnerable or threatened by the IUCN. The status of some other species is less well known, which causes them to be listed as less data.


Video Stingray



Anatomy

Jaws and teeth

The mouth of the stingray is located on the side of the vertebrate abdomen. Stringrays show euhyostyly jaw suspension, which means that the mandibular arch is suspended only by articulation with hyomandibula. This type of suspension allows the upper jaw to have high mobility and protrude out. The teeth are modified plasoid scales that are regularly inserted and replaced. In general, teeth have roots that are planted in connective tissue and visible, large and flat tooth parts, enabling them to destroy the body of hard prey. Male stingrays display sexual dimorphism by developing a peak point, or pointed tip, into some of their teeth. During the mating season, several species of stingrays completely alter the morphology of their teeth which then returns to the baseline during the unmarried season.

Spiracles

Stingrays can breathe through their spiracles, which are openings just behind their eyes. The stingray breathing system is complicated by having two separate ways of taking water to utilize oxygen. Most of the time the stingrays take water using their mouths and then send water through the gills for gas exchange. It's efficient, but the mouth can not be used when hunting because stingrays bury themselves in marine sediments and wait for prey to swim. So the stingray switches using the spirakel. With spiracles, they can draw free water from the sediment directly into the gills for gas exchange. These alternative ventilating organs are less efficient than the mouth, because the spiracles can not attract the same volume of water. However, that's enough when the stingrays quietly wait to ambush their prey.

Maps Stingray



Behavior

A flattened ray board allows them to effectively hide themselves in their environment. The stingrays do this by stirring the sand and hiding under it. Because their eyes are above their bodies and their mouths on the underside, stingrays can not see their prey after being captured; instead, they use odors and electroreceptors (ampullae from Lorenzini) similar to sharks. Stingrays stay at the bottom while eating, often leaving only their eyes and tails visible. Coral reefs are favorite eating places and are usually shared with sharks during the tide.

Reproduction

During the breeding season, males of different species of stingrays such as Urolophus halleri , may depend on their ampullae Lorenzini to sense certain electrical signals released by adult females before potential copulation. When a man approached a woman, he followed closely, biting his pectoral disc. He then puts one of the two claspers into his valve.

Stingrays are ovoviviparous, carrying young life in "liter" from five to 13. Women hold embryos in the uterus without a placenta. In contrast, the embryo absorbs nutrients from the yolk sac, and after the sac runs out, the mother gives the "milk" of the uterus.

At Sea Life London Aquarium, two female rays have sent seven baby stingrays, although mothers have not been near a man for two years. "The rays have been known to store sperm and not give birth until they decide the time is right".

Locomotion

Stingray uses pectoral fins in pairs to move. This is different from sharks and most other fish, which get most of their swimming power from a single tail (tail). Stingray pectoral fin locomotion can be divided into two categories: undulatory and oscillatory. Stingrays using resignation movements have shorter, thicker fins for slower motile movements in benthic areas. The thinner pectoral fins make faster speeds in oscillation mobility in the pelagic zone. The distinguishable visual oscillation has less than one wave occurring, as opposed to an undulation that has more than one wave at a time.

Behavior and diet food

Stingrays use various feeding strategies. Some have special jaws that allow them to destroy hard mollusk shells, while others use external mouth structures called cephalic lobes to guide plankton into their oral cavities. Benthic stingrays (those in the flooor seas) are ambush hunters. They wait until the prey approaches, then use a strategy called "tenting". With the pectoral fins pressing the substrate, the ray will lift its head, producing a suction style that pulls the prey under the body. This form of whole-body suction is analogous to the buccal suction feeding performed by the ray-finned fish. Stingrays show off different colors and patterns on their dorsal surfaces that help them disguise the sandy bottom. Some stingrays can even change color for a few days to adjust to new habitats.

Most stingrays feed primarily on mollusks, crustaceans, and sometimes on small fish. Freshwater fish in amazon feed on insects and destroy their hard exoskeleton with chewing movements like mammals. Large pelagic rays such as Manta use eating ram to consume large amounts of plankton and have been seen swimming in acrobatic patterns through patch plankton.

1200x725px Stingray #126806
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Stingray injury

Stingrays are usually not aggressive and attack humans only when provoked, as if rays are accidentally trampled. To avoid stepping on stingrays in shallow water, water should be flooded with shuffle. Or, before wading through, small stones can be thrown into the water to scare the stingrays. Contact with the stinger causes local trauma (from the wound itself), pain, swelling, muscle cramps from toxins, and can then cause infection from bacteria or fungi. This injury is very painful, but rarely life-threatening unless the stinger penetrates the vital area. Thorns usually break in the wound, and surgery may be needed to remove the fragments.

Fatal sting is very rare, but it can happen, most notably in the death of Steve Irwin in 2006, where stinger broke through his thoracic wall, causing great trauma.

Venom

Stingray toxins have been relatively unexamined because of the mixture of venomous tissue secretion cells and mucous cell membrane cells that occur in the secretions of the spinal blades/stingers. Dumpling fish can have between 1-3 knives. The spine is covered with epidermal skin layer. During secretion, the toxins penetrate through the epidermis and mingle with the mucus to release toxins in the victim. Typically, other venomous organisms make and store their toxins in the glands. Stingrays are notorious for storing their toxins inside tissue cells. The confirmed toxins are in the toxins are cystatin, peroxiredoxin, and galectin. Galectin induces cell death in its victims and cystatin inhibits the enzyme defense. In humans, these toxins cause increased blood flow in superficial capillaries and cell death. Despite the number of cells and toxins present in the stingrays, there is little relative energy necessary to produce and store toxins.

These toxins are produced and stored in the secretory cells of the vertebral columns in the distal mid-region. These secretory cells are placed in the ventrolateral spinal cord. The cells of both sea and freshwater fish are round and contain large amounts of cytoplasm containing granules. Marine stingray cells are just inside the lateral groove of this stinger. Ã, Stingrays of freshwater fish stalked outside the lateral grooves to cover larger surface areas along the entire blade. Due to the large area and increased amount of protein in the cells, the toxins of freshwater rays have greater toxicity than the stingray.

7 Stingray Facts That Will Leave You Terrified
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As food

Rays can be eaten, and can be caught as a food using a fishing rod or spear. Stingray recipes are abundant around the world, with the most common form of dry wing. For example, in Malaysia and Singapore, stingrays are usually roasted on charcoal, then served with spicy sauce sambal , or soy sauce. Generally, the most valuable part of a rayfish is the wings (flaps are the exact term), "cheeks" (the area around the eyes), and the liver. The rest is considered too chewy to use as culinary.

Although not independently valuable as a food source, the capacity of stingrays to damage the shell's breeding area may cause bounties to be placed in its displacement.

COOL STINGRAYS - YouTube
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Ecotourism

Stingrays are usually very tame and curious, their reaction is usually to escape from any disturbance, but sometimes they brush the fin through a new object they encounter. However, larger, larger species may be more aggressive and should be approached with caution, since stingray defense reflexes (using toxic stingers) can cause serious injury or death.

Stingray stings can be painful but are avoidable and treatable ...
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Other uses

The ray skin is used as a bottom layer for leather straps or wrapping (known as ito in Japanese) on the Japanese sword because of its hard, rough, and leathery texture that makes the braided wrap from shear on the handle when in use. They are also used for making exotic shoes, boots, belts, wallets, jackets, and mobile phones.

Some ethnological sections in museums, such as the British Museum, feature arrowheads and spearheads made of stingray stingers, used in Micronesia and elsewhere. Henry de Monfreid states in his books that before World War II, in the Horn of Africa, whips were made of large stingrays, and this device caused cruel wounds, so in Aden, England forbade its use in women and slaves. In the former Spanish colony, stingrays are called raya lÃÆ'¡tigo ("whip ray").

Monfreid also wrote in several places about people from his crew suffering stingray wounds while standing and wading the shallow end of the Red Sea to load or unload smuggled goods: he wrote that to "save the man's life", burning the wound with a hot-red iron is necessary.

Aboriginal Stingray Art - Japingka Aboriginal Art Gallery
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Fossils

Although stingray teeth are rarely found on the seafloor compared to the same shark's teeth, scuba divers searches for the last to find stingray teeth. Permineralized stingray teeth have been found in sedimentary deposits around the world, including a fossil outcrop in Morocco.

130 Swimmers Stung by Stingrays - NBC 7 San Diego
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Gallery


Stingray of Hope|Episodes | Item | Kidoons
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See also

  • Endangered ray

What does stingray or manta ray dreams mean? - Dream Meaning - YouTube
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References


Southern Stingray | Oceana
src: oceana.org


Bibliography

  • Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2005). "Dasyatidae" in FishBase. August 2005 version.

Shore Excursion: Coral Garden & Stingray City Sandbar - Grand ...
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External links

  • The University of Pennsylvania Health System - Information on stingray poison.
  • Life On the Fast Track: Toxicology Conundrum # 012
  • "Be careful of the ugly Sting Ray." Popular Science , July 1954, pp.Ã, 117-118/pp.Ã, 224-228.

Source of the article : Wikipedia

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