Methylenedioxypyrovalerone ( MDPV ) is a stimulant of the cathinone class that acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine (NDRI) reuptake inhibitor. It was first developed in 1960 by a team at Boehringer Ingelheim. MDPV remained an unclear stimulant until about 2004 when it was reportedly sold as a designer drug. Products labeled as bath salts containing MDPV were previously sold as recreational drugs at gas stations and department stores in the United States, similar to the marketing of Spice and K2 as incense.
Video Methylenedioxypyrovalerone
Appearance
The hydrochloride salt exists as a fine, hygroscopic, fine crystalline powder, which tends to clot itself, resembling something like powdered sugar. The color can range from pure white to yellowish brown and has a slight odor that strengthens the color. Fouling tends to contain either pyrrolidine or alpha-dibrominated alkylphenones either from pyrolysine excess or incomplete amination, respectively, during synthesis. These impurities may cause discoloration and fishy (pirolidin) or bromine-like odors, which worsen after exposure to air, moisture, or alkaline.
Maps Methylenedioxypyrovalerone
Pharmacology
Methylenedioxypyrovalerone has no FDA approved medical use records. MDPV has been shown to produce strong reinforcement and compulsive self-administering effects in mice, although this has been temporarily established by a number of documented cases of abuse and addiction documented in humans, before animal testing is performed.
MDPV is a 3.4-methylenedioxy ring-substituted analogue of the pyrovalerone compound, developed in the 1960s, which has been used for the treatment of chronic fatigue and as anorectic, but it causes problems of abuse and dependence.
Other drugs with the same chemical structure include -pyrrolidinopropiophenone (-PPP?), 4'-methyl? -? - pyrrolidinopropiophenone (M -? - PPP), 3 ', 4'-methylenedioxy -? - pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MDPPP) and 1- phenyl-2- (1-pyrrolidinyl) -1-pentanone (? -PVP).
Effects
MDPV acts as a stimulant and has been reported to produce effects similar to cocaine, methylphenidate, and amphetamine.
The main psychological effects have a duration of about 3 to 4 hours, with after effects such as tachycardia, hypertension, and mild stimulation lasting from 6 to 8 hours. High doses have been observed causing intense and prolonged panic attacks on users who are intolerant with stimulants, and there are anecdotal reports about the psychosis of sleeping sleep and addiction to higher doses or more frequent dosing intervals. It has also been repeatedly recorded to encourage an unbearable desire to rearrange.
The reported modalities of the intake include oral ingestion, insufflation, smoking, rectal and intravenous use. It should be active at 3-5 mg, with typical doses ranging from 5-20 mg.
Long-term effects
Although there is no experience on the long-term effects of MDPV in humans, it has been reported that mice treated with MDPV during adolescence showed a strengthening behavioral pattern for cocaine higher than the control group. Also, these behavioral changes are related to changes in the expression of factors directly related to addiction. All this shows an increased susceptibility to cocaine abuse
Metabolism
MDPV undergoes CYP450 2D6, 2C19, 1A2, and COMT phase 1 (liver) methylcatechol and pyrrolidine, which in turn is glucuronated (uridin 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyl-transferase) which allows for excretion by the kidney, only with a small fraction of metabolites that are excreted into the stool. No free pyrolidin will be detected in the urine.
Molecularly, this is seen as demethylenation of methylenedioxypyrovalerone (CYP2D6), followed by aromatic ring methylation via catechol-O-methyl transferase. Then the hydroxylation of both the aromatic ring and the side chain takes place followed by the oxidation of the corresponding lactam pyrrolidine ring, with the detachment and opening of the next ring to the corresponding carboxylic acid.
Detection on biological specimens
MDPV can be quantified in blood, plasma or urine by gas chromatography spectrometry or liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to confirm the diagnosis of toxicity in hospitalized patients or to provide evidence in the investigation of medicolegal death. MDPV concentration of blood or plasma is expected to be in the range of 10-50? G/L on people taking recreational drugs, & gt; 50? G/L in a drunk patient, & & gt; 300? G/L in an acute victim overdose.
Legality
In the UK, following an ACMD report on substituted cytrin derivatives, MDPV is a Class B drug under the 1971 Drug Abuse Act (Amendment) Order, making it illegal to sell, buy, or own without a license.
MDPV is specifically listed as a controlled substance in Finland (registered substance of annex IV on 28 June 2010), Denmark and Sweden. In Sweden a 33-year-old man has been sentenced to six years in prison by an appeals court, HovrÃÆ'¤tt, for having 250 grams of MDPV already acquired prior to criminalization.
Australia
In Western Australia, MDPV has been banned under the 1964 Poison Act, which has been included in Appendix A of Schedule 9 of the 1964 Poison Act since 11 February 2012. The Director of the Prosecutor for Western Australia announced that anyone intending to sell or supply MDPV faces a maximum fine of $ 100,000 or 25 years in prison. Users face a fine of $ 2,000 or two years in prison. Therefore, anyone caught with MDPV may incur a cost of ownership, sale, supply or intent to sell or supply.
Canada
Canadian Health Minister Leona Aglukkaq announced on 5 June 2012 that MDPV will be listed on Schedule I of the Drug and Controlled Drug Act, which was realized on 26 September 2012.
United States
In the United States, MDPV is a federal DEA drug scheduled. On October 21, 2011, DEA issued a one-year ban on MDPV, classifying it as my schedule substance. Schedule I status is reserved for substances with high potential for abuse, no current accepted use for treatment in the United States and lack of acceptable safety for medicinal use under medical supervision.
Before the Federal ban was announced, it was banned in Louisiana and Florida. On March 24, 2011, Kentucky passed the bill HB 121 which made MDPV, as well as three other cathinones, controlled substances in the state. It also makes it a Class A light crime to sell drugs, and Class B crimes to have them.
MDPV is banned in New Jersey under Pamela's Law. The law is named after Pamela Schmidt, a Rutgers University student, was killed in March 2011 by an alleged MDPV user. A toxicology report later found that there was no "bath salt" in the system.
On May 5, 2011, Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam signed a law that makes it a crime "to consciously manufacture, manufacture, distribute, sell, offer for sale or possession with the intent to produce, manufacture, distribute, sell, or offer to sold "products containing 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV).
On July 6, 2011, the governor of Maine signed a bill establishing penalties for ownership and penalties for the MDPV trade.
On October 17, 2011, Ohio legislation that prohibits synthetic drugs applies to prohibit the sale and/or possession of any "ingredients, compounds, mixtures or preparations containing the following substances which have a stimulatory effect on the central nervous system, including salts , isomers and their isomer salts "contain ephedrine and pyrovalerone. It also specifically includes MDPV, misspelling its full name as "methyenedioxypyrovalerone". Four days after the Ohio law was passed, the DEA national emergency ban was implemented.
On December 8, 2011, under the Synthetic Drug Administration Act, the US House of Representatives voted to ban MDPV and other synthetic drugs that have been legally sold in stores.
Documented death
In April 2011, two weeks after they disappeared, two men in northwestern Pennsylvania were found dead in a remote location on government ground. The official cause of death for both men was hypothermia, but toxicology reports later confirmed that both Troy Johnson, 29, and Terry Sumrow, 28, had ingested MDPV shortly before their deaths. "It's nothing to kill them, but enough to make them a mess," the coroner said. MDPV containers are found in their vehicles along with spoons, hypodermic syringes and marijuana supplies. In April 2011, an Alton, Illinois, woman apparently died of an MDPV overdose. In May 2011, the CDC reported a visit to an emergency hospital (ED) after using "bath salts" in Michigan. One person reportedly died on arrival at the ER. The partner of the deceased reported that he had used the bath salts. Toxicology results show high levels of MDPV in addition to marijuana and prescription drugs. The main contributing factor to death is referred to as MDPV toxicity after autopsy is performed. A hemiplegia incident has been reported.
A total of 107 non-fatal injections and 99 analytically confirmed deaths associated with MDPV between September 2009 and August 2013 were reported by nine European countries.
Overdose care
Doctors often treat cases of MDPV overdose with anxiolytics, such as benzodiazepines, to reduce drug-induced activity in the brain and body. In some cases, anesthesia is commonly used because sedatives are not effective.
Treatment in the emergency department for severe hypertension, tachycardia, agitation, or seizures consists of large doses of lorazepam with the addition of 2-4 mg every 10-15 minutes intravenously or intramuscularly. If this is not effective, haloperidol is an alternative treatment. It has been found that the use of any beta blockers to treat hypertension in these patients can cause peripheral alpha-adrenergic effects that are not accompanied by a dangerous increase in blood pressure.
References
External links
- Meltzer, Peter C.; Butler, David; Deschamps, Jeffrey R.; Madras, Bertha K. (February 2006). "1- (4-Methylphenyl) -2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) Analog: Promising Class of Monoamine Absorption Inhibitor". Chemical Journal of Drugs . 49 (4): 1420-32. doi: 10.1021/jm050797a. PMCÃ, 2602954 . PMID: 16480278.
- Erowid MDPV Vault
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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