Jedediah Strong Smith (January 6, 1799 - May 27, 1831), was a scribe, frontiersman, hunter, trapper, writer, cartographer and explorer of the Rocky Mountains, western North America and Southwest during the beginning of the century to-19. After 75 years of uncertainty after his death, Smith was rediscovered as an American whose explorations led to the use of the 20 mile (32 km) Southern Pass as the dominant point of crossing the Continental Divide for pioneers on the Oregon Trail.
Coming from a simple family background, Smith goes to St. Louis and joined the feather trade company William H. Ashley and Andrew Henry in 1822. Smith led the first documented exploration of the Salt Lake border into the Colorado River. From there, Smith's party became the first US citizen to cross the Mojave Desert into what is now the state of California but which was then part of Mexico. On the return trip, Smith and his colleagues were also the first Americans to explore and cross the dangerous Sierra Nevada and Great Basin Desert. The following year, Smith and his colleagues were the first US explorers to travel north from California (on land) to reach the Oregon State. Persisting on three Native American massacres and one beating bear, Jedediah Smith's explorations and documented journeys are an important resource for further western expansion in the United States.
In March 1831, while at St. Louis, Smith asked the War Secretary John H. Eaton to do federal-funded exploration of the West, but to no avail. Smith told Eaton that he was finishing a Western map that came from his own journey. In May, Smith and his colleagues launched a planned para-military party trade to Santa Fe. On May 27, while searching for water in southwest Kansas today, Smith disappeared. It was learned a few weeks later that he had been killed in an encounter with Comanche - his body never recovered.
After his death, Smith's memory and accomplishments were largely forgotten by the Americans. At the beginning of the 20th century, scholars and historians made efforts to recognize and learn his accomplishments. In 1918, a book by Harrison Clifford Dale was published which included the exploration of West Ashley-Smith. In 1935, Smith's summary autobiography was finally enrolled in a biographical dictionary. Smith's first comprehensive biography by Maurice S. Sullivan was published in 1936. A popular Smith biography by Dale Morgan, published in 1953, establishes Smith as an authentic national hero. The Smith map of the West in 1831 was used by the US Army, including western explorer John C. Frà © m during the early 1840s.
Video Jedediah Smith
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Smith was born in Jericho, now Bainbridge, Chenango County, New York, on January 6, 1799, to Jedediah, 1st and Sally Strong, both derived entirely from families who came to New England from England during Puritan emigration between 1620 and 1640. Smith received teaching adequate English, learning Latin, and being taught how to write politely. Around 1810, Smith's father, who owned a general store, was caught up in a legal issue involving counterfeit currency, after which the older Smith moved his family west to Erie County, Pennsylvania. At the age of 13, Smith worked as a clerk on the Erie Lake freighter, where he studied business practices and probably met with traders returning from the west end to Montreal. This work gave Smith his ambition to trade adventure wilderness. According to Dale L. Morgan, Smith's love for nature and adventure comes from his mentor, Dr. Titus G. V. Simons, a pioneering medical doctor close to the Smith family. Morgan speculates that Simons gave Smith a young copy of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark's 1814 book from their 1804-1806 expeditions to the Pacific, and according to the legend Smith takes this journal on all of his journeys throughout West America. Smith would give Clark, who had become an Indian Inspector of State, much information from his own expedition to the West. In 1817, the Smith family moved west again to Ohio and settled in Green Township in the current Ashland area.
Maps Jedediah Smith
Smith joins "Ashley's Hundred"
Coming from a very simple family, Smith attacked to make his own way. He may leave his family to seek trade or work a year before their settlement in Green Township. In 1822, Smith stayed at St. Louis. That same year Smith responded to an ad in the Missouri State Gazette placed by General William H. Ashley. General Ashley and Major Andrew Henry, War veterans of 1812, have established partnerships to engage in feather trade and search for "One Hundred One" "Happy Young People" to explore and trap in the Rocky Mountains. Superintendent of Indian Affairs William Clark has granted Ashley-Henry license to trade with Native Americans in Upper Missouri and he actively encourages them to compete with the strong British feather trade in the Pacific Northwest. Smith, who is now 6-foot-tall, 23-year-old blue eyes with a commanding attitude, made General Ashley impressed to hire her. At the end of spring, Smith started the Missouri River on the keel
Arikaras Massacre
The following spring (1823), Major Henry ordered Smith to return to Missouri to the Grand River to deliver a message to Ashley to buy a horse from Arikaras, which was due to a recent battle with Missouri Fur Company people who were antagonistic to the American Merchant Euro. Ashley, who brought the gear as well as 70 new men upstream by boat, met Smith in the village of Arikara on May 30th They negotiated trading for some horses and 200 buffalo robes and planned to leave as soon as possible to avoid trouble, but Weather delayed them, and before they could set off, an incident provoking the Arikara attack. Forty Ashley men, including Smith, were caught in a vulnerable position, and 12 people were killed in the ensuing battle. Smith's behavior during defense was the basis of his reputation: "When his party was in danger, Mr. Smith was always among the foremost to meet, and the last to fly; the people who saw him on the beach, in Riccaree's bout, in 1823, prove the truth of this statement. "
Smith and another man were chosen by Ashley to return to Fort Henry on foot to tell Henry about the defeat. Ashley and the remaining group members returned to the river, eventually asking for help from Colonel Henry Leavenworth who was Commander of Fort Atkinson. In August, Leavenworth sent 250 military men with 80 Ashley-Henry men, 60 from the Missouri Feather Company and a number of Sioux Lakota warriors to conquer Arikaras. After a failed campaign, the peace agreement was negotiated. Smith was appointed commander of one of Ashley-Henry's men's squads, and came to be known as "Captain Smith."
First expedition, grizzly bear attack, and South Pass
After the campaign, in the fall of 1823, Smith and several other Ashley men traveled downstream to Fort Kiowa. Leaving Fort Kiowa in September, Smith and 10 to 16 people headed west, embarking on his first far-west expedition, to travel overland to the Rocky Mountains. Smith and his party were the first European-Americans to explore the southern Black Hills, in South Dakota and East Wyoming today. While looking for the Crows tribe to get a fresh horse and get westward, Smith is attacked by a large grizzly bear. Smith stumbles to the ground by grizzly breaking his ribs. His party members watched him fight the bear, who tore his side with his claws and took his head in his mouth. As the bear retreated, Smith's men ran to help him. They find his scalp and ears torn, but he convinces a friend, Jim Clyman, to sew it loosely, giving him directions. The trappers take the water, tie the broken ribs, and clean the wound. After recovering from his bloody wounds and broken ribs, Smith wore his long hair to cover a large scar from his eyebrows to his ears. The only known portrait of Jedediah Smith, painted after his death in 1831, shows the long hair he wore on the side of his head, to hide his scar.
The party spent the remaining 1823 winters in the Valley of the Wind River. In 1824, Smith sent an expedition to find a wise route through the Rocky Mountains. Smith can retrieve information from the Crow's natives. When communicating with the Crows, one of Smith's men made a unique map (buffalo and sand), and the Crows were able to show Smith and his men the direction to the South Pass. Smith and his men crossed this gap from east to west and met Green River near the mouth of the Big Sandy River in what is now called Wyoming. The group broke into two parties - one led by Smith and the other by Thomas Fitzpatrick to capture upstream and downstream at Green. The two groups met in July at Sweetwater River, and it was decided that Fitzpatrick and the other two would pick up feathers and news about the identification of a viable highway route through the Rockies to Ashley in St. Louis. Louis. Canada trapper Robert Stuart, employed by feather corporation John Jacob Astor had previously discovered the South Pass in 1812 while traveling overland from the Pacific Coast, but this information was kept secret. Smith later wrote a letter to War Secretary John Eaton in 1830 making the location of the South Pass public information. Major Henry returns to St. Louis on August 30, and Ashley starts making plans to lead the caravan back to the Rockies to regroup with his men. Henry refuses to return with Ashley, instead choosing to retire from the feather trade.
After Fitzpatrick left, Smith and six others, including William Sublette, returned through the South Pass, and in September, 1824 met a group of Iroquois freeman snatchers who had split from the Snake Country brigade of Hudson Bay Company led by Alexander Ross ). Smith told Iroquois that they could get a better price for their feathers by selling to American merchants, and accompanying the HBC brigade back to its base at Flathead Post in Montana. Smith then accompanied the Hake Snake State brigade led by Peter Skene Ogden back southeast, leaving Flathead Post in December, 1824. In April, 1825, at Bear River in what is now Utah, Smith and his colleagues broke away from the brigade HBC and join a group of Americans who winter in the area. In late May 1825, on the Weber River near Green Mountain, Utah, 23 free-range explorers left out of the Ogden brigade, backed by a group of American trappers led by Johnson Gardner. Some deserters were among the Smith-assisted Iroquois arresters in September 1824. Smith may be present at the confrontation, but the extent to which his involvement in HBC free man desertion, if any, is unclear.
First First Rendezvous of 1825 and Smith, Jackson & amp; Sublette partnership
Ashley leave St. Louis at the end of 1824 and after an exploratory expedition in Wyoming and Utah he and Smith reunited on 1 July 1825, in the place to be the first meeting. During the meeting, Ashley offered Smith a partnership to replace Henry. Smith returns to St. Louis for a while, where he asked Robert Campbell to join the company as a scribe.
Secondly Rendezvous Second year 1826
During the second meeting in the summer of 1826, Ashley decided not to be directly involved in the business of harvesting the feathers. Smith left the cache near the meeting location in a place known as the Cache Valley in northern Utah, and he and Ashley traveled north to meet David E. Jackson ( Virginia ), and William L. Sublette ( Kentucky ) in the Bear River area near Soda Springs, Idaho at this time. Ashley sold her interest in partnership and Smith with partnerships Smith, Jackson & Sublette but agreed to continue delivering supplies to the venue and broking the sale of the feathers brought to him at St. Louis.
The new partners were soon confronted with the fact that the beavers had quickly disappeared from the area, two previous partnerships had traditionally been trapped. But the contemporary map shows the promise of an unspoiled river to the west, especially the legendary Buenaventura. Buenaventura is also considered a navigable waterway into the Pacific Ocean which is likely to provide an alternative to packing feathers back to St. Petersburg. Louis. The previous spring, Smith had been looking for a river that flowed into the western Pacific and northwest of the Great Salt Lake. Although he pushed east of Nevada, he failed to find the Humboldt River, possibly the source of the Buenaventura legend. After determining Buenaventura to be located farther south, Smith made plans for an exploratory expedition deep into the Mexican region of Alta California.
First trip to California, 1826-27
Smith and his party of 15 left the Bear River on August 7, 1826, and after taking the cache he left earlier heading south through the Utah and Nevada that is now on the Colorado River, finds increasingly harsh conditions and difficult journeys. Finding shelter in the friendly village of Mojave near Needles now, California, the men and horses are healed and Smith hires two runaways from a Spanish mission in California to guide them west. After leaving the river and heading for the Mojave Desert, the guide takes them through the desert through the Mohave Line that will be the western part of the Old Spanish Trail. Upon reaching the San Bernardino Valley of California, Smith and Abraham LaPlant (who spoke Spanish) borrowed a horse from a rancher and went to the San Gabriel Mission on 27 November 1826, to introduce himself to his director, Father JosÃÆ'Â © Bernardo SÃÆ'¡ nchez, who receive it warmly.
The next day, the rest of the Smiths arrived at the mission, and that night the garrison chief on the mission confiscated all of their weapons. On December 8, Smith was summoned to San Diego for an interview with Governor JosÃÆ'Â © MarÃÆ'a EcheandÃÆ'a about his party's status in the country. EcheandÃÆ'a, surprised and suspicious of unauthorized Americans entering California, had arrested Smith, believed him to be a spy. Accompanied by Abraham LaPlant, a Spanish Smith translator, Smith was taken to San Diego, while the rest of the party remained on missions. EcheandÃÆ'a arrested Smith for about two weeks, demanding that he submit his journals and maps. Smith requested permission to travel north to the Columbia River on a coastal route, where a road known to bring his party back to the United States. After the intercession of the American sea Captain W.H. Cunningham of Boston on board, Courier , Smith was finally released by EcheandÃÆ'a to reunite with his men. EcheandÃÆ'a ordered Smith and his entourage to leave California on the same route they entered, forbidding him to travel to the coast to Bodega but granting Smith permission to buy the supplies needed for a return journey east to the east. Smith boarded the Courier ship that sailed from San Diego to San Pedro, to meet his men.
After waiting nearly a month for the exit visa and then spending at least two more weeks to break the horses they had purchased for the return trip, the Smith party left the California mission community in mid-February 1827. The party was out of the way. had come, but once outside the Mexican settlement, Smith convinced himself that he had fulfilled Echeandia's orders to go on the same route as he had entered, and the party headed north across to the Central Valley. The party eventually headed to the Kings River on February 28 and started trapping the beavers. The party went on northward, meeting the hostile Maidus. In early May 1827, Smith and his men had traveled 350 miles (560 km) north looking for the Buenaventura River, but they found no gaps in the Sierra Nevada mountain wall that could flow from the Rocky Mountains. On December 16, 1826, Smith had written in a letter to the full American ambassador to Mexico his plan to "follow up the largest Riv that empties into the Bay (San Francisco) across the mon (mountains) in his head and from there to our savings in the Great Salt Lake "and seem to follow the plan. They follow the Cosumnes River (the northernmost tributary of the San Joaquin River) upstream, but turn north and across to the American River, a tributary of Sacramento that flows into the Gulf. They tried to travel to the South Fork of the American canyon to cross the Sierra Nevada, but had to return because the snow was too deep. Unable to find a viable path for a party loaded to cross and confront a hostile native, he was forced to make a decision: since they had no time to travel north to Columbia and make it on time to meetings in 1827 they would retreat to the Stanislaus River and re-establish the camp there. Smith will bring two men and some extra horses to get to the meeting place as fast as he can and return to his party with more men at the end of the year and the group will move on to Columbia.
After crossing the difficult Sierra Nevada near the Ebbets Pass, Smith and his two pass through the southern end of Walker Lake. After meeting the only natives they met until they reached the Salt Lake Valley, they continued east across central Nevada, straight through the Great Basin Desert just as summer hit the area. Neither they nor their horses or donkeys could find enough food, and when the horses gave up, they were slaughtered for whatever flesh men could rescue. After two days without water, one man, Robert Evans, collapsed near the Nevada-Utah border and could not go any farther, but some of the natives of Smith who met fed them and told him where to find water, which he brought back to Evans and revived him. When the three men approached the Great Salt Lake, they once again could not find water, and Evans collapsed again. Smith and Silas Gobel find the spring and take water back to Evans. Finally, the men came to the top of the hill where they saw the Great Salt Lake in the north, a "pleasant sight" for Smith. Currently they only have one horse and one mule left. They reached and crossed the Jordan River where locals told him that white people gathered further north in "Little Lake" (Bear Lake on the border between now in Utah and Idaho). Smith borrowed a fresh horse from them and rode in front of two other men, reaching the meeting place on July 3. The mountain men celebrated the arrival of Smith by greeting the cannon, as they had handed him and his party to disappear.
Rendezvous Third year 1827 and second trip to California, 1827-28
As agreed, Ashley has sent a provision for the meeting, and his men take back 7,400 pounds (3,400 kg) from Smith, Jackson & amp; Smith's sublet and letters to William Clark, then at the office of the Indian Affairs Inspector for the western area of ​​the Mississippi River, illustrate what he had observed the previous year. Smith went to rejoin the people he left behind in California shortly after the meeting. He was accompanied by 18 men and two French-Canadian women, following many of the same routes as the previous year. However, the following year, the Mojave along the Colorado River that had so welcomed the previous year had clashed with trappers from Taos and was attacked by revenge against white people. While crossing the river, Smith's party was attacked; Ten people, including Silas Gobel, were killed, and the two women were arrested. Smith and eight survivors, one who was badly wounded from the fighting, prepared to stand desperately on the western edge of Colorado, after making emergency breast work from the trees and smoothing the spear by attaching a butcher knife to the lampposts. The men still had five weapons between them, and as the Mojave approached, Smith ordered his men to shoot those within range. Two Mojaves were shot and killed, one wounded, and the remaining attackers fled. Before Mojave can regroup, Smith and eight other surviving retreat walk across the Mojave Desert on the Mohave Line to San Bernardino Valley.
Smith and others survived well in San Gabriel. The party moved north to meet with the abandoned group in the San Joaquin Valley, reunited with them on September 19, 1827. Unlike in San Gabriel, they were calmly received by the priests at Mission San Josà ©, who had received a warning Smith's new presence in the area. Smith also visited settlements in Monterey and Yerba Buena (San Francisco).
The Governor of EcheandÃÆ'a, then at Monterey (the capital of Alta California), once again captured Smith, this time with his men. But despite a breach of trust, the governor once again released Smith after several English speaking residents vouch for him, including John B. R. Cooper and William Edward Petty Hartnell in Monterey. After posting a $ 30,000 bond, Smith received a passport, with the same promise - to leave the province immediately and not return. Also as before, Smith and his party remained in hunting in California in the Sacramento Valley for several months. Upon reaching the northern end of the valley, the party explored the route to the northeast given by the Pit River, but decided to be impassable, so turned northwest toward the Pacific coast to find the Columbia River and return to the Rocky Mountain region. Jedediah became the first explorer to reach the Oregon State over the land by traveling to the coast of California.
Travel to Oregon Country
When Smith's party left Mexico's Alta California and entered the State of Oregon, the Treaty of 1818 enabled a joint occupation between Britain and the United States. In Oregon State, the Smith party, then numbering 19, and more than 250 horses, deals with the Umpqua people. The tribes along the coast have monitored the progress of the party, conveying the news of conflict between the group and Indigenes, and Umpqua alert. One of them stole an ax, and Smith's side treated some Umpqua very hard to force the thief to return it. On July 14, 1828, when Smith, John Turner and Richard Leland were searching for a trail north, his group was attacked in his camp on the Umpqua River. At about eight o'clock on 8 August 1828, Arthur Black arrived at the Hudson Bay Company (HBC) post gate at Fort Vancouver, severely wounded and almost destitute. He believes he is the only survivor of the people in the camp, but does not know the fate of Smith and the other two. Chief Factor John McLoughlin, the superintendent at the castle, sent word to the local tribe that they would be rewarded if they took Smith and his men to the castle unscathed, and began organizing a search party for them, but Smith and two others, had been alerted to attack and instead of returning to the camp up the hill above it and witnessing the massacre, arriving at the fort two days after Black. McLoughlin sent Alexander McLeod to the south with Smith, Black, Turner, Leland, and some HBCs to rescue others who were in possible survivors' camps, and their belongings. After restoring some horses in bad shape, Black and Leland remain with some HBC men to take care of them and HBC horses, and Smith, Turner, and 18 HBC men proceed to the massacre site. On October 28, they reached and found 11 decomposing bodies, which they buried. They finally confirmed that the 15 of the countless men had died, and found 700 beavers and 39 horses, and the journal Harrison Rogers. George Simpson, HBC's Chief Governor, paid Smith $ 2,600 for horses and feathers, and in return, Smith assured that the American feather trade company would limit its operations to the eastern Great Divide. Smith remained at Fort Vancouver until the spring of 1829, when he and Arthur Black traveled back east to meet with his comrades.
Blackfeet Expedition, 1829-30
In 1829, Captain Smith personally arranged a feather trade expedition to the Blackfeet area. Smith was able to capture a good beaver cache before being repulsed by hostile Blackfeet native Americans. Jim Bridger served as a river boat pilot on the Powder River during a lucrative mountain-hunting expedition. In the four years of the western feather trap, Smith, Jackson, and Sublette can benefit greatly and, at the 1830 meeting at Wind River, they sold their company to Tom Fitzpatrick, Milton Sublette, Jim Bridger, Henry Fraeb and John Baptiste Gervais his name became Rocky Mountain Fur Company .
Back to St. Louis
After Smith returned to St. Louis in 1830, he and his colleagues wrote letters on October 29 to the Secretary of War John H. Eaton, who was then involved in a Washington cabinet scandal known as the Petticoat Incident and informed Eaton of the "military implications" of the alleged English term alienating Indigene residents to every American trapper in the Pacific Northwest. According to the biographer, Dale L. Morgan, Smith's letter is "a clear statement of national interest". The letter also includes a description of Fort Vancouver and describes how Britain was in the process of creating a new fortress at Smith's visit in 1829. Smith believes Britain is trying to build permanent settlements in the Oregon State.
Smith did not forget his family's financial struggle in Ohio. After generating substantial profits from the sale of feathers, more than $ 17,000 (about $ 4 million in 2011), Jedediah sent $ 1,500 to his family in Green Township; where his brother Ralph bought a farm. Smith also bought a house on First Avenue in St. Louis. Louis to share with his brothers. Smith bought two African slaves to take care of the property at St. Louis.
Busy schedule of partners at St. Louis also found them and Samuel Parkman making their cartographic discovery map in the West, where Smith was the main contributor. On March 2, 1831, Smith wrote another letter to Eaton, now a few months to resign because of Petticoat Affair, referencing the map and requesting to launch a federally funded exploration expedition similar to Lewis & Clark's expedition. Smith asked Reuben Holmes, a graduate and West Point military officer, and himself to lead the expedition.
Smith and his colleagues are also preparing to join the supply trade known as "grassland trade". At the request of William H. Ashley, Smith Jackson and Sublette received a passport from Senator Thomas Hart Benton on March 3, 1831, the day after Smith wrote his letter to Eaton and they began to form a 74-man company, twenty-two wagon, and artillery artillery "six pounders" for protection.
Death
Not getting Eaton's response, Smith joins his partner and leaves St. Louis to trade in Santa Fe on April 10, 1831. Smith led a caravan on the Santa Fe Trail on May 27, 1831, as he left the group to search for water near the Lower Eye on the Cimmaron River in southwest Kansas today. He never returned to the group. The rest of the party goes on to Santa Fe hoping Smith will meet them, but he never did. They arrived in Santa Fe on July 4, 1831, and soon the party members found a comanchero with some of Smith's personal belongings. It was continued that Smith had met and communicated with a group of comancheros just before he approached a group of Comanche. Smith tried to negotiate with Comanche, but they surrounded him in preparation for the attack.
Most likely, Jedediah Smith's death occurred in what was then the Northern Mexico Region, south of Ulysses now, Grant County, Kansas. According to Smith's niece, Ezra Delos Smith, there were 20 Comanches in the group. Smith tried to make peace with them, until Comanches frightened his horse and shot him on his left shoulder, with an arrow. Jedediah fought back, eventually killing the soldiers' heads. A version written by Austin Smith in a letter to his brother, Ira, four months after Smith's death, says that Jedediah killed the "head of the head," but nothing about the other Comanche was wounded or killed. Josiah Gregg wrote in 1844, that Smith "fought bravely for the latter, and, as India itself has since related, killed two or three of their parties before he was ruled." Smith states that his uncle has fought so bravely that Comanche believes that "he is more than mortal, and that he can be immortal, it would be better to glorify his soul, so they do not mutilate his body but then give him the same funeral ceremony they give to its leader. "Austin Smith, Jedediah's brother, who along with Smith's other brother, Peter, was a member of the caravan, was able to retrieve a shotgun and a Smith gun that Indians took and sold to comancheros.
Personal character and religious belief
Jedediah Smith is "not an ordinary mountain man." He has a dry, unruly, and unknown sense of humor using indecent words that are common to his friends. The Smith family immediately practiced Christians; his younger brother Benjamin was named after a Methodist preacher and his letters showed his own Christian belief. However, although after his death, his legend became a "biblical complement" and a missionary was disseminated, the assertion that he brought the Bible with him in the wilderness has no basis in any account by him or his friends and the only documentation of a common demonstration of faith is a prayer said at the funeral of one of the victims of the Arikara massacre. However, so did the accounts not speak of him drinking excessive alcohol or coating the Native American woman, indicating that he has a discipline that is often associated with a strict moral code. It is known that he has, at least, two slaves in conflict with northern Methodist care and his behavior is not always honorable when dealing with people he considers his antagonist. He is known to be physically strong, cold under pressure, highly skilled at surviving in the wild and having outstanding leadership skills. Smith's actual character is a puzzle that is still open to interpretation
The look of Native Americans
While traveling throughout West America, Jedediah's policy with Native Americans is to maintain friendly relationships with gifts and exchanges, learning from their culture. When he traveled through Northern California, then part of the Mexican region of Alta California, for the first time, he tried to defend the policy but the situation deteriorated rapidly. The Maidu is very scared and defensive and the people of Smith kill at least seven of them on command when they resist peaceful progress and show aggressive behavior. He then writes that they are "the lowest link between man and Brute's creation." Then, during his journey across the Great Basin, he told the desert people he encountered "the children of nature... the unintelligent creatures... They formed the connecting relationship between animals and intellectual creation..." After returning to Mexico California, even after the Mojave massacre, he kept trying to maintain good relations, punishing two of his men, albeit lightly, who had killed one Native and injured another. But as the party progressed north, the Natives continued their aggressive actions, and the people of Smith wounded at least two more and three were killed. By the time the party reaches Umpqua, in the United States together in Oregon, their tolerance is receding, leading to an ax incident and resulting in catastrophic consequences.
At the end of 1829, Smith Jackson and the Sublette wrote another letter to William Clark. The letter describes the company's quarrel with various Native American tribes, and encourages military presence and intervention to subdue the indigenous population.
Historical Reputation
Smith was for the most part forgotten by his compatriots as a historical figure for more than 75 years after his death. In 1853, Peter Skene Ogden had written about the Umpqua massacre in Indian Life and Character by Fur Trader, and the Oregon Pioneer Association and Hubert Howe Bancroft wrote his versions in 1876 and 1886, respectively. There is mention of him in memoirs by other feather traps, and mentioned by George Gibbs and F. V. Hayden in their report. Septuaharian contemplation by William Waldo published by the Missouri History Society in 1880 discussing Smith, focusing on evidence of rumors of his righteousness. There is no mention of Smith in the volume publication 518 of 1895 from "Appletons' CyclopÃÆ'Â|dia of American Biography edited by James Grant Wilson and John Fiske The first publication known only about Smith was in 1896 Annual Publication Society of Southern California History In 1902 Hiram M. Chittenden wrote about him extensively in Western Feather Trade in the West The same year Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh wrote of Smith's exploits with the Mojave Indians in his book The Romance of the Colorado River: The Story of the Invention in 1540 with the Next Exploration Account . Smith, however, is again not listed in the 1906 volume publication of the American Biographical Society of American Biographies , edited by Rossiter Johnson.It was not until 1908, when John G. Neihardt and Doane Robinson deplored Smith's obscurity, that wider attempts to pre publish the stasis begins.
In 1912, an article on Smith written by his niece, Ezra Delos Smith of Meade, Kansas, was published by the Kansas Historical Society. Five years later, Smith's status as a historical figure is more revived by the book Harrison Clifford Dale, Ashley-Smith's Exploration and Discovery of the Middle Routes to the Pacific, 1822-1829: By Original Journal , published in 1918. During in the 1920s, Maurice S. Sullivan traces the descendants of the Smith brethren, and discovers two parts of Smith's travel narrative, written in the hands of Samuel Parkman who had been hired to help draw up documents after Smith's return. to St. Louis in 1830. The forthcoming publication of the narrative has been announced in a newspaper St. Louis at the end of 1840, but never happened. In 1934, Sullivan published the remains, documenting Smith's journey in 1821 and 1822 and from June 1827 to the massacre of Umpqua a year later, in Jedediah Smith's Journey, provided a new, documented perspective of Smith's exploration. Along with the narrative, Sullivan published a section of the Alexander McLeod journal documenting the search for every surviving member of the Smith party and restoring its property after the Umpquah massacre. The
According to Maurice S. Sullivan Smith was "the first white man to cross the future state of Nevada, who first conquered Sierra High California, and the first to explore the entire Pacific Slope of California Down to the banks of the Columbia River." He is known for his many systematic observations recorded on nature and topography. His expeditions also cast doubt on the existence of the legendary Buenaventura River. Jedediah Smith's exploration is the main base for accurate Pacific Rim maps. He and his colleagues, Jackson and Sublette, produced a map that, in a speech to Smith printed in Illinois Illinois for June 1832, the unknown author claimed "This map is now probably the best still there, from Rocky Mountains, and countries on both sides, from the United States to the Pacific. "This map has been called" a landmark in West American mapping "The original map is missing, its contents are coated and annotated by George Gibbs on the base map of 1845 by John C. Frà © Ã… © © mont, which is recorded in the American Library of Geography Society, at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The Western-funded western-funded land exploration that Smith requested in 1831 finally began in 1842, commanded by Lieutenant John C. Frà © mont. Shelter with the disputed British and the Oregon State of the United States where Smith lived in Fort Vancouver was terminated by the Oregon Treaty of 1846. In 1848, Mexico handed over California, where Jedediah was twice captured by EcheandÃÆ'a Governor, to the United States under the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty that ended the Mexican War -America.
Author of the journal
Another important part of Jedediah Smith's story was discovered in 1967, when another section of the 1830-31 narrative (again in the hands of Parkman) was found among other historical papers in the attic at St. Louis. This section documents Smith's first California journey (1826-27), and immediately precedes the narrative section that Sullivan discovered 35 years earlier. George R. Brooks edited and introduced the narrative section, along with the first "journal" of colleague Smith Harrison Rogers, in 1977.
Inheritance
Geographic names
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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