Brine is a high concentration of salt solution (usually sodium chloride) in water. In different contexts, salt water may refer to saline solution starting from about 3.5% (typical concentration of sea water, at the lower end of the solution used for brining food) to about 26% (typical saturated solution, depending on temperature). The lower concentration levels are called by different names: fresh water, brackish water and saltwater.
Salt water naturally occurs on the surface of the earth (salt lakes), crust, and in saltwater pools on the ocean floor. High concentrations of saltwater lakes usually appear due to evaporation of ground salt water at high ambient temperatures. Saltwater is used for processing and cooking food (preservation and preservation), to define roads and other structures, and in a number of technological processes. It is also a by-product of many industrial processes, such as desalination, and can pose an environmental risk due to its corrosive and toxic effects, requiring proper waste water treatment for disposal.
Video Brine
In nature
Salt water with relatively high salt concentrations (usually sodium chloride) occurs naturally on the earth's surface (salt lakes), crusts, and in saltwater pools on the ocean floor.
There are many processes that can produce salt water in nature. The modification of seawater through evaporation results in a concentration of salt in residual liquid, a characteristic geological deposit called evaporite formed due to dissolved dissolved ions reaching the state of mineral saturation, usually gypsum and halite. A similar process occurs at high latitudes when sea water freezes to produce a liquid called cryogenic saline water. At the time of formation, this cryogenic saline water with a cooler definition than the frozen temperatures of seawater and can produce a feature called brinicle where brines are chilled down, freezing the surrounding seawater.
Saltwater that grows on the surface as a salty spring is known as "lick" or "saline". The content of dissolved solids in groundwater varies greatly from one location to another on Earth, both in terms of specific constituents (eg halite, anhydrite, carbonate, gypsum, fluoride salts, organic halides, and sulfate salts) and on concentration levels. Using one of several classifications of groundwater based on total dissolved solids (TDS), salt water is water containing more than 100,000 mg/L TDS. Saltwater is generally produced during good completion operations, especially after a hydraulic fracture of a well.
Maps Brine
Usage
Culinary
Saltwater is a common agent in food processing and cooking. Brining is used to preserve or flavor food. Brining can be applied to vegetables, cheeses and fruits in a process known as preservation. Meat and fish are usually soaked in salted water for shorter periods of time, as a form of marinating, improving tenderness and flavor, or for increasing shelf periods.
Chlorine production
Brine is a common fluid that is used as a secondary refrigerant in large refrigeration installations for the transport of thermal energy from one place to another. Being an inexpensive and expensive cooling brine is based on calcium chloride and sodium chloride. It is used because the addition of salt to water lowers the freezing temperature of the solution and the heat transport efficiency can be greatly improved for the relatively inexpensive material cost. The lowest freezing point that can be obtained for brine NaCl is -21.1 Â ° C (-6.0 Â ° F) at 23.3% concentration of NaCl by weight. This is called the eutectic point.
Sodium chloride brine spray is used on some fishing vessels to freeze fish. The temperature of sea water is generally -5 Â ° F (-21 Â ° C). Temperature freezing air temperature -31 Â ° F (-35 Â ° C) or lower. Given the higher temperatures of saltwater, the efficiency of the system over the freezing of air blasts could be even higher. High-value fish are usually frozen at much lower temperatures, well below practical temperature limits for saltwater.
Due to the corrosive nature of brine-based salt, glycols such as polyethylene glycol have become more common for this purpose.
Softening and purifying water
Saltwater is an adjuvant in water softening and water purification systems involving ion exchange technologies. The most common example is a household dishwasher, using sodium chloride in the form of a dishwasher salt. Saltwater is not involved in the purification process itself, but is used for regeneration of ion-exchange resins on a cycle basis. Processed water flows through the resin container until the resin is considered to be discharged and the water is purified to the desired level. The resin is then regenerated with a sequential backwashing resin bed to remove accumulated solids, flushing the ion discharged from the resin with a concentrated solution of the concentrated ion, and rinsing the rinse solution from the resin. After treatment, the ion exchange resin bead is saturated with calcium and magnesium ions from the treated water, regenerated by immersion in brine containing 6-12% NaCl. Sodium ions from brine replace calcium and magnesium ions in the beads.
De-icing
At lower temperatures, saltwater solutions can be used to remove ice or reduce freezing temperatures on the road.
Wastewater
Salt water is a by-product of many industrial processes, such as desalination for human consumption and irrigation, power plant cooling towers, water produced from oil and natural gas extraction, acid mines or acid rock drainage, reverse osmosis reject, , pulp and paper mill waste, and waste streams from food and beverage processing. Together with diluted salt, it can contain pre-treated chemical residues and cleaning, their reaction by products and heavy metals due to corrosion.
Sea salt water can pose significant environmental hazards, both because of the corrosive effects and sediments that make up salt and the toxicity of other chemicals that are diluted therein. It should be disposed of properly, which may require permission and compliance with environmental regulations.
The simplest way to get rid of the uncontaminated salt from the desalination plant and the cooling tower is to return it back to the sea. To limit the environmental impact, it can be diluted with other water flows, such as wastewater treatment disposal or power generation. Because salt water is heavier than sea water and will accumulate on the ocean floor, it requires methods to ensure proper diffusion, such as installing underwater diffusers in the sewer. Other methods include draining in evaporation ponds, injecting into deep wells, and storing and reusing salt water for irrigation, de-icing or dusting purposes.
Technologies for treatment of contaminated brine include: membrane filtration processes, such as reverse osmosis; ion exchange processes such as electrodialysis or weak acid cation exchange; or evaporation processes, such as salt water concentrate and crystallization using mechanical steam recompression and steam.
See also
- Brine Mining
- Brinicle
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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